Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a widely used material in dentistry, known for its excellent aesthetic properties, biocompatibility, and ease of manipulation. This review explores the historical development, chemistry, manipulation techniques, properties, applications, and recent modifications of PMMA in dental applications. The article concludes with a discussion on future trends and potential research directions for improving PMMA-based materials.
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) has been a cornerstone in dental prosthetics and restorative materials due to its favorable characteristics. From denture bases to temporary restorations, PMMA's adaptability makes it invaluable in clinical dentistry. However, the need for improved mechanical properties, wear resistance, and biocompatibility has driven ongoing research and material innovation.
PMMA's use in dentistry dates back to the 1930s. Initially developed as a lightweight, transparent alternative to glass, PMMA's potential in medical and dental applications was soon recognized. Over the decades, the material has undergone significant advancements, including the introduction of high-impact variants and the incorporation of nanotechnology to enhance its properties.
PMMA is a synthetic polymer made by polymerizing methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomers. Different types of PMMA, such as heat-cured, self-cured, and microwave-cured variants, are utilized based on the specific requirements of dental procedures. These variations allow for flexibility in clinical applications, catering to different strength, aesthetic, and processing needs.
The manipulation of PMMA in dental laboratories and clinics involves processes such as molding, curing, and finishing. Heat-cured PMMA is often used for denture bases due to its superior mechanical properties, while self-cured PMMA is favored for repairs and relines due to its ease of use. Recent advancements in CAD/CAM technology have also enabled precise and efficient fabrication of PMMA-based prosthetics.
The evolution of PMMA materials in dentistry continues to address the limitations of traditional formulations. Future research will likely focus on further enhancing mechanical properties, developing biocompatible and antibacterial surfaces, and integrating advanced digital fabrication techniques. PMMA's role in dental prosthetics remains pivotal, with innovations promising even greater utility and patient satisfaction.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank the various contributors and institutions that have supported the research and development of PMMA materials in dentistry.
